“The biggest sex educator of young men today is pornography, which is increasingly violent and dehumanizing, and it changes the way men view women”[1].
“One study showed the strong link between men’s viewing pornography and behavioral intent to commit sexual assault. Furthermore, when men view sadomasochistic and rape pornography, their danger to females increases concurrently. Using these two types of pornography makes men significantly more likely to report intent to rape, stronger beliefs in rape myths, a decreased willingness to intervene in a potential sexual assault, and a lower sense of efficacy about intervening in a potential sexual assault situation”[2].
If a woman from the early 1900’s tried to introduce a book such as, “50 Shades of Grey[3]”, she might have been put in a mental institution. Yet, in the past decade our culture has accepted BSDM (Bondage, Discipline, and Sadomasochism) as a behavior that is tolerable enough to mainstream into our theatres. The fact that violence is a part of a love story that ends in restoration makes it more beautiful to some people, yet it is far from realistic. Anyone who has ever dealt with abusive, addictive or obsessive behaviors knows that going down to the offender’s level in order to help them heal is the worst thing one can do.
If women are to be honest about this series, they would also admit that the real draw is an awakening of the libido thru fantasy, and an attitude that screams, “If they can do it, why can’t we”. The problem with this philosophy is that we do not need to add oversexualized women to the culture of oversexualized men. Since men are the main consumers of pornography, the industry has begun finding ways to create porn that will target women’s interests. “Female pornography consumers are a growing market and as such, new types of pornography have been created for the appeal of women[4]. One website boasts of pornography for the common house wife, “porn for the bride,” and “porn for the new mom”[5]. We need to put sex back in its’ proper place. If sex becomes all about selfish pleasure and gain, then we will become a nation of cold hearted, uncaring individuals with no greater purpose than to live and die.
In order to understand just how truly horrifying the pornography industry has become, I refer to a chapter in Pulitzer prize winning author Chris Hedges book, “Empire of Illusion”, and the chapter entitled, “The Illusion of Love” which speaks of many abuses that are going on in the pornography industry. This is truly a human rights issue. One story is especially disturbing.
This story takes place on the set of a movie where a woman is about to partake in a sexual conquest of sorts. Her goal is to have sex with 69 men consecutively. This includes anal, vaginal, and oral sex and she says repeatedly how she wants it as rough as possible. She describes her anticipation with joy and excitement. The conversation is perplexing, and she almost sounds believable, yet one is left to wonder how anyone in her right mind could be acting as a little child about to go to Disneyland, when truly she is about to be tortured, beaten, torn apart, spit upon, and covered with semen. In the midst of the conversation, she rehashes a distant memory of her first encounter with group sex on a firetruck with 12 men. Although she quips that she should thank the man who initiated it, her tone changes, and the emptiness in her soul seems evident to the interviewer [6].
Hedges speaks of his interviews with other former porn stars and states that most of them only last one to two years in the film industry, while using drugs to cope, before going on to become prostitutes. He speaks about his impression that these women seem to be suffering from PTSD and compares their plight to other human rights issues, questioning why they are not treated as such. “Why is it morally indefensible to physically abuse a woman in a sweat shop in the Philippines or Southern China, but somehow it is an issue of free speech when done by the sex industry in the United States”[7]. Hedges, former journalist, often compares the violence in this industry to war.
Although Hedges’ exploration of the porn industry is not a scientific study, it could be considered a sample of a small population, as many former porn stars have made similar complaints about the industry. There is no conclusive evidence to say what really happened to that woman on the fire truck during her childhood years. Maybe it all started as a gang rape against her will, maybe she was trying to please her boyfriend and got in over her head, maybe she was having a manic episode. Any of those possibilities would make a little more sense out of what seems to be an unreal situation. If this woman were being evaluated by a psychiatrist just before the filming of this video, he might conclude that she is in a very vulnerable state of mind and not capable of making rational decisions. However, there are no doctors on the set, no human resource counselors watching out for the safety of their employees, no managers looking out for the team, only cameramen and profiteers. Is this American business?
In a Frontline documentary, Lizzie Borden (stage name) wife of Rob Black and director of films for XTreme Entertainment sends her best friend in for a shoot knowing she will be beaten, ejaculated and spit on for degradation purposes and end the production with a knife to her throat in a pool of blood, looking real, as if left for dead. Her friend doesn’t know how bad it will get, but that adds to the element of drama. All she is told is, “just go with it”. She trusts her best friend and Lizzie makes no qualms about doing this to her. She says, “I know she can take it, and afterwards I will take her out for dinner and go shopping”. To Lizzie, it is all in a days’ work. She also states in her interview how she enjoys watching others being tortured because it makes her feel better about her own abuse at the hands of her alcoholic stepfather. “As a child my stepfather was an alcoholic, so I think I had deep issues and this is kind of therapeutic for me…So in a way I am exploiting people, taking my inner demons and aggression out on them, but, It’s good for me”[8].
A psychologist might call that displacement, a theologian might call it a root of bitterness[9]. I have no psychological training, nor do I have a theological degree, yet from an experience based and common-sense perspective, this seems to me to be a clear a case of a woman scorned who may have had her innocence stolen from her and cannot see sex as a meaningful or sacred union, but rather as an unhealthy way to find comfort. Her goal, although maybe not consciously, might be to steal from others what she never had. I do not claim to know this woman or her motivations, however her actions and spoken words create a narrative that describes just how harmful the pornography industry can be for young minds.
A later clip from the documentary showed the woman who was portrayed as her best friend three years later acting as the drill sergeant in a boot camp for up and coming “pornography stars”. Barely legal girls signed up to be put through the same degradation she experienced from that previously mentioned shoot and continued throughout her career. Eventually, Lizzie Borden served time in prison, but not very long. The company was shut down but reopened under a different name. One can only imagine what she is doing now.
Erotica, BDSM, and Intimate Partner Violence
Going back to the roots of pornography in America, we can see how experimentation and licentiousness always leads to the same end. Some might call it insanity. Alfred Kinsey’s colleagues reported that toward the end of his life he got increasingly depraved when self- mutilation became the norm for his experimentation[10].And now we have, “50 Shades of Grey” and the rest of EL James series of books and the movies that have followed. Although these books are listed as erotica, they are clearly soft porn with another agenda, normalizing violence as a desirable part of sexuality.
“Erotica twists and distorts the results of making immoral or foolish choices. In the real world, our actions have consequences. The authors of erotica simply ignore or erase those consequences and create a “happy ending”[11].
One young woman describes her how erotica tainted her mind and led her down a path that changed her life forever. “I am single, and erotica has ruined my life, I have been addicted 10 years and I’m only twenty-five[12]”. This woman was living a double life, serving as a missionary and Christian leader. “Erotica seems harmless because it’s just words on a page, but it brands your mind and creates false expectations for future relationships”[13]. She tells of how erotica perpetuated a need for online relationships because she didn’t feel confident with developing or sustaining real ones.
The most shocking part of her story is that because a lot of the books she read portrayed rape or power-struggle situations as exciting, she began to believe that as truth. She eventually pursued one of those online relationships and met a man who treated her exactly as the books depicted, brutally and forcefully. The only difference was there was no happy ending. The illusion was quickly uncovered, and she was left to live with the pain, shame and guilt for many years.
In an undercover news story, journalists recorded a Planned Parenthood employee offering advice, “Sexual exploration is normal, some things would be like asphyxiation, tying up or take control of me, you can gag them and whip them”. This same employee is shown counseling a fifteen-year-old girl. The girl tells the employee that she and her boyfriend are considering trying some new things, like in 50 Shades of Grey”[14]. The employee seems eager to encourage the girl in her endeavors. She offers some caution, but mostly her enthusiasm promotes the behavior. “With something like that, you want to be safe and have a safe word because it could involve tying up or gagging…There’s some really weird stuff out there, which for me would be weird, but for others is completely normal. It could be fun trying to figure out, ‘Like, oh, that looks fun, I saw it on a video. It looks kind of cool, so let’s try it’[15]The employee then goes on to advise the young girl to watch some porn and do some internet research. When the girl asks if her parents might see it on the family computer, the employee advises her to use her personal phone. She also offers the idea of going to sex shops where the young girl can but whips, ties, outfits, and everything she will need and encourages to take her boyfriend as well.
The following excerpt is from a study done by a group of professionals who have all read the 50 Shades series and used the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s manual to define Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) which includes physical, sexual, and psychological abuse; physical being things like slapping, punching, biting, choking, threats and forced sex acts. Emotional abuse includes intimidation, humiliation, withholding resources and taking control of a person’s life. The authors conclude all of this is prevalent in the first book of the series.
“Emotional abuse is present in nearly every interaction, including: stalking (Christian deliberately follows Anastasia and appears in unusual places, uses a phone and computer to track Anastasia’s whereabouts, and delivers expensive gifts); intimidation (Christian uses intimidating verbal and nonverbal behaviors, such as routinely commanding Anastasia to eat and threatening to punish her); and isolation (Christian limits Anastasia’s social contact). Sexual violence is pervasive—including using alcohol to compromise Anastasia’s consent, as well as intimidation (Christian initiates sexual encounters when genuinely angry, dismisses Anastasia’s requests for boundaries, and threatens her). Anastasia experiences reactions typical of abused women, including: constant perceived threat (‘‘my stomach churns from his threats’’); altered identity (describes herself as a ‘‘pale, haunted ghost’’); and stressful managing (engages in behaviors to ‘‘keep the peace,’’ such as withholding information about her social whereabouts to avoid Christian’s anger). Anastasia becomes disempowered and entrapped in the relationship as her behaviors become mechanized in response to Christian’s abuse”[16].
“Intimate partner violence (IPV) affects between 25% and 44% of women and significantly compromises their physical and mental health. Despite the high prevalence of IPV and adverse health impacts, underlying societal conditions create the context for such violence to occur, including the normalization and romanticizing of violence in popular culture (e.g., books, music, film). For example, Eminem and Rihanna’s music video—Love the Way You Lie— romanticizes physical, sexual, and emotional threats, including an intent to kill (i.e., threats to burn down a house), within a couple’s romantic relationship. The increasing inclusion of abuse in music videos prompted a cautionary policy statement from the American Academy of Pediatrics about the role that depictions of violence, sexual messages, sexual stereotypes, and substance abuse play in behaviors and attitudes of young viewers”[17].
Getting to the Roots: Unveiling the Deception
In an article written for Psychology Today, by Michael Castleman M.A., entitiled “A Loving Introduction to BDSM: The myth is that it’s abusive. Actually, it’s about trust and communication[18]”, it becomes evident how the woman at Planned Parenthood in the earlier paragraph was scripted with answers for the fifteen-year-old girl. She was educated in a philosophy. Mr. Castleman repeats some of the same advice in his article with a little more explanation:
“First, participants agree on a “safe” word, a stop signal that the sub can invoke at any time. The safe word immediately stops the action—at least until the players have discussed the reason the bottom invoked it, and have mutually agree to resume. A popular safe word is “red light.”…Some terms should not be used as safe words: “stop,” “no,” or “don’t” because both tops and bottoms often enjoy having subs “beg” tops to “stop,” secure in the knowledge that they won’t”[19].
The terms tops and bottoms here refer to the top being the dominant and the bottom being the submissive. Mr. Castelman goes on to say that all of this is perfectly mutual and loving, “tops act dominant, but they must also be caring and nurturing, taking bottoms to their agreed-upon limit, but never beyond it. In this way, BDSM provides an opportunity for everyone to experiment with taking and surrendering power, while always feeling safe and cared for…When performed by ethical, nurturing dominants, BDSM is never abusive”[20]. I don’t know about you, but common sense tells me those sentiments seem to contradict themselves.
How can inflicting pain for the sake of pleasure be loving, nurturing, and ethical. BM stands for Bondage Discipline. Bondage is not a positive word and discipline is meant to correct, not to bring pleasure. It is meant to change unhealthy behavior, not to encourage it. Mr. Castleman says that because there is open communication and a deep trust in BDSM, the dominant will only inflict as much and as specific a pain as the submissive agrees to, and that this creates is an aphrodisiacal experience resulting in a special erotic bond.
Whether you find that sad, repulsive or intriguing, you would probably agree that BDSM is not something that should be introduced in the local theater. There are private clubs for people with these desires where they can learn about the philosophy and if interested, engage in the experience. However, mainstreaming this behavior is dangerous. As we have already seen copycats have already used the movie to exert power without mutual consent.
In the case of Mohammad Hussain, student at University of Illinois, and a female student who was in a so called “Friends with Benefits” relationship with him, there was clearly not mutual agreement, yet he was cleared of a crime because the encounter started off with the intent of playing with ideas from the movie, therefore, according to the court, she is not able to refute the consequences. Let us look at how different this scenario is compared to Mr. Castleman’s “Loving Introduction to BDSM”.
“The woman stripped down to her underwear before Hossain stuck a knit cap over her face and tied her hands above her head, binding her to the bottom of a lofted bed, she said. Hossain tied a belt around her feet and covered her mouth with a necktie.
Then, the accuser testified, Hossain told her “I want to see you resist.” He then hit her repeatedly with a belt, harder and harder each time.
Hossain then allegedly said “I want to see how much you can take” and “I want to see you cry.”
The victim testified that he pinned her arms down and raped her.
“I was saying, ‘No, stop,’ shaking my head from side to side,” the victim said, according to the Chicago Tribune.
But Hossain’s lawyer, Joshua Kutnick, insisted the two were consensually acting out scenes from ‘50 Shades.’
“The two of you were role-playing the movie, correct?” Kutnick asked during cross-examination.
“I didn’t see it that way,” the accuser said”[21].
Mr. Castleman shares his opinion in his article on how BDSM is playful and theatrical and not meant to be harmful. He also shares how it is a power play. This case clearly shows the risk involved with giving another person power to make unhealthy choices against one’s body, and how quickly that power can get out of control. This man was clearly not safe and didn’t follow any of the rules. He was looking for a way to release some deep seeded evil, “About an hour after his encounter with the woman in February, Hossain had written on Facebook: “I’m finally satisfied — feeling accomplished.”[22]
BDSM in Literature and Pornography
BDSM has its’ roots in brothels, some European brothels began specializing in restraint, flagellation and other “punishments” that “dominant” women meted out to willingly “submissive” men”[23]; and also in literature from two famous books, “Justine”(1791), written by Marquis DeSade, and “Venus in Furs”(1869) written by Leopold von Sacher-Masoch. Sigmund Freud later coined the term Sadomasochism from these two sir names. Pornographic films use the ideas and imagery from Sadomasochism to entice consumers who are seeking power, control and deeper forms of degradation.
The following excerpts are from an article that explores BDSM in Russian and Czech pornography and also the probable links to sex trafficking. The reason for the probable links, the realism of the films. The article compares Czech films to Russian. When the Czech film making companies realized there was suspicion that they could be part of the “Natasha Trade” they started making their actresses and actors more known to the public and showing them in their regular lives, versus the lives of coercion depicted in the films.
“Indeed, the possibility of a link not only to ‘‘starving Czech girls’’ in spanking films but also of pornography generally to broader East European sex-slave trafficking known colloquially as the Natasha trade had already been raised by students of the topic. The collapse of Communism had brought on a feminization of poverty in the Eastern bloc that left females vulnerable to exploitation in many guises, and economics gave rise to devious methods of recruitment. Within a year of the collapse of the Soviet Union, human slave trafficking (men were also victimized by a form that enslaves laborers) became the fastest growing organized criminal activity in the world, with forty percent of the victims coming from the former USSR alone. Young women were recruited especially from Russia, Ukraine, and Moldova to work abroad as secretaries, nannies, or strippers. Typically, when they arrived at their destination—victims have been rescued from the Czech Republic, Israel, Turkey, USA, various West European countries—their passports were seized, and they were forced into a life of prostitution”[24].
“To understand Russian success among contemporary spanking fetishists, one must recognize that this genre everywhere operates within parameters that distinguish it from other forms of pornography. The success of “The Wild Party”(Czech) derived first and foremost because internet reviewers and commentators credited it with realism, their most valued criterion. This sets spanking fetishism apart from bondage-discipline-sadism-masochism, or BDSM. Although both genres rely on the application of punishment by one person to another and at times they overlap, their audiences are not necessarily identical, and the two can by no means be equated. The most important difference is that in BDSM offerings violence is often the end in itself, without requiring even a thin story line. The action can take place in a dungeon, a home, outside, or virtually anywhere, and the need to explain how the scene came about is at best optional. In materials for spanking fetishists, however, this is not the case, and reviewers and audiences of spanking fare also seek at least an attempt to make the circumstances plausible. Long before the Eastern Europeans got into the act, spanking stories thus required a context as well as a rationale: some transgression involving a schoolmaster and misbehaving schoolgirl, the disciplinary intercession a stern uncle or aunt, justice meted out by the police or political authorities (including in Italian pornography some nostalgia for Fascism), resort to the family clergyman or doctor, the vulnerability of women in prison, and of course the punitive role of parents”[25].
In case you missed this in the second line above. The internet viewers “most valued criterion” is the realism.
“What impressed viewers who copiously posted their reactions on-line was the realism of action. The ferocity of the beatings could not have possibly been faked, a large number concluded, and the young women were not accomplished enough actresses to have counterfeited the surprise and fear they displayed when the movie turned from female partying to beatings and humiliation”[26]”
According to the article, the Russians had not yet made the same changes as the Czechs as far as trying to show the public side of the actors/actresses. They did not seem to be concerned about defending the coercion. “Even though the male actors are recurrent, the actresses are largely nameless victims who appear in one film or so and disappear. There is as yet no star system, no interviews, no behind-the-scenes photographs to demythologize the process, although a few faint suggestions indicate that this might be changing slowly. Still, the emphasis is overwhelmingly on maintaining the illusion of documentary reality[27].
This article concludes by saying that although there is not substantial evidence to prove that victims of trafficking are being used in these films, there is clear evidence that since the making of “Wild Party”, the ferocity of Czech films rose significantly, and then Russian pornographers exceeded that standard. Russian themes include a higher degree of both violence and sexual humiliation. “In one such film, three young women are severely disciplined by heavily tattooed captors who threaten to sell their body parts if their orders are disobeyed. In another film, the same miscreants terrorize a mother and her two daughters after gaining entry to their home by asking to borrow water and a potato, and in yet another story in which the entry ruse is an electrical problem in the apartment building, beatings are linked to humiliation in the form of rape through the insertion of foreign objects”[28]
What’s next for America?
“When I saw ‘Wild Party’ for the first time, I was appalled and delighted in equal measure. It was the kind of video I had fantasized about, but I never expected to actually see it”[29].
According to Mr. Castelman, in his article, “A Loving Introduction to BDSM”, because there is open communication and a deep trust in BDSM, the dominant will only inflict as much and as specific a pain as the submissive agrees to, creating an aphrodisiacal experience resulting in a special erotic bond. This is not the way it is being portrayed in pornography. The man who made the statement above’s aphrodisia is clearly going down the path of psychopath.
Though 50 Shades is not nearly as violent as is portrayed in these films, the above statement and comments from other viewers of “Wild Party” show how the type of viewer watching BDSM in pornography is not looking for a loving relationship. They are seeking more violence and greater evil. Opening oneself to this risk is one thing but putting it in the local theatre should not be acceptable. In 50 Shades, Anastasia had only known Christian for a total of three months by the end of the first book and she had already given over her trust to him. That is not safe nor wise, no matter how attracted one may be to another, trust is built over time. Lust is in the moment and violence is not predictable.
Gender Inequalities
It is interesting how BDSM started in brothels with women in the dominant position. That is usually not the case anymore. Although Russian films started that way, they have turned it mainly to violence against women, which is the case with most internet pornography. It is most often the woman who is taking all the abuse and acting as if she loves every minute of it.
One study of forty-five films pulled from the internet tried to find evidence of violence from free internet sites. The hypothesis was that free videos are tamer in order to leave the viewer with a hunger for more with a price tag. “For a user specifically seeking more violent sexual acts, he or she would simply need to choose the subcategory or do a search using key terms that would indicate that violent acts are found in the video”[30].This proved to be true, however they did find violence in six of the free videos, one being more extreme. They also found that male pleasure was overwhelmingly the focus and that women were made to act as if domination was pleasurable to them. “When violence occurs, the female actor suggests these acts are pleasurable given her facial expression and the sounds that she makes”[31].
“Our data illustrate specific examples of specific sexual acts and embedded power relations, which if internalized, would serve to reinforce the existing sharp gender inequalities. For example, because the female is frequently portrayed as assuming a submissive role, viewers make take this as a template for ‘‘normal’’ sexual behavior. The act of ejaculating on the face is very much tied to eagerness as it was not unusual for male participants to tell female participants to prepare for the act or for female participants to request it. Before ejaculation would occur, female participants would often kneel before the male with their mouths open, smiling, awaiting for the male to ejaculate. This act was also linked to eagerness in that women would often describe how much they enjoyed the act itself as well as the taste of the ejaculate, or indicate so by rubbing it onto their hands and into their face or into their mouth. Again, this act was usually done with a smile. Such social messaging runs the risk of reinforcing the transference between what is viewed in the cybersex sphere, and what takes place in ‘‘real life.’’[32]
So what does take place in real life? Another study examines that question. In 2015, a cross sectional, Internet based, U.S. nationally representative probability survey of 2021 adults (975 men, 1046 women) with a mean age of 47.1 (SD=17.3; range = 18-91) focused a broad range of sexual behaviors. About 91% were heterosexual, of those in relationships most were male-female (95.2% of the men, and 96.8% of the women). Half of that group were married. The chart below gives a good indication in the interest among mainly monogamous couples in BDSM and other like activities. I am only showing the “not at all” interest because it is quite high. For more detailed information, see the citation.
| Type of behavior | Women (not at all appealing) | Men (not at all appealing) |
| BDSM club | 83.9% | 76% |
| Playful biting | 38.9% | 32% |
| Role Play | 39.6% | 32% |
| Playful whipping | 60.2% | 53.7% |
| Spanking | 52.9% | 46.8% |
| Group sex | 81.6% | 55.2% |
| Threesome | 76.9% | 49.4% |
| Swinger/sex party | 80.9% | 62.5% |
Although, this study is in no way a complete representation of sexual behavior in America, it does give a good indication that BDSM behaviors are not appealing to the majority of Americans. Some categories like role play and playful biting are more appealing to some, but that may happen naturally in relationships without it turning to more painful or punishment type behaviors. Another observation is that the men have a little more interest than women in all of these behaviors, which could possibly be attributed to watching pornography or wanting to compete with other men’s stories.
What if American marketing continues in the direction it is going bringing movies like 50 Shades of Grey to America. How far will they go? How many people will misinterpret it as normal behavior. How many adults and youth will be affected by it? What does it say about ethical business standards? These are all questions that need to be considered.
To be continued……..
THIS IS CHAPTER 3 OF MY BOOK, “10 COMMON SENSE REASONS TO REJECT PORNOGRAPHY”. SEE PAST POSTS FOR CHAPTERS 1 & 2
[1] John Henry Westen, “Want to stop sex trafficking”, Retrieved from:https://www.huffingtonpost.com/johnhenry-westen/want-to-stop-sex-traffick_b_6563338.html
[2] J.D. Foubert, M.W. Brosi, & R.S. Bannon, Pornography Viewing among Fraternity Men: Effects on Bystander Intervention, Rape Myth Acceptance and Behavioral Intent to Commit Sexual Assault. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, (2011),18(4), 212-231. doi:10.1080/10720162.2011.625552
[4] L.N. Zanutto, Pornography use and its effects on men and women (2015), Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Full Text: The Humanities and Social Sciences Collection. (1499928191).
[5] Trend Hunter. “Humorous house husbands”. (2010, November 12). Retrieved from http://trendhunter.com
[6] Chris Hedges, Empire of Illusion: The end of literacy and the triumph of spectacle. (New York, NY: Nation Books, 2009), p. 68-70
[7] Chris Hedges: “Empire of Illusion: The End of Literacy and the Triumph of Spectacle“, WGBH Forum., August 15, 2012. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EHnjc1gde8c
[8] Michael Kirk, “American Porn”, Frontline. (2002, February 2), Retrieved from: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/showsporn/
[9] Holy Bible. Deuteronomy 29:18, Hebrews 12:15.
[10] Alfred Kinsey’s Pedophiles (How a Liberal Atheist Tried to Normalize Pedophilia), Theology, Philosophy, and Science, 14 Nov. 2017, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-kG0iiZLVgYY
[11] Dannah Gresh & Dr. Juli Slattery. Pulling Back the Shades, p.32
[12] Ibid, p.
[13]Ibid, p.
[14] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pE1feXDfsyc&list=PLyCjo1yr5_pW_RndC_6wQkIPr5Bxf7-BS
[15] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pE1feXDfsyc&list=PLyCjo1yr5_pW_RndC_6wQkIPr5Bxf7-BS
[16] A.E Bonomi, L.E. Altenburger, & N.L. Walton. ‘Double Crap’, Abuse and Harmed Identity in Fifty Shades of Grey, Journal of Women’s Health (15409996), 22(9), 733-744, doi:10.1089/jwh.2013.4344, abstract
[17] Ibid, p. 1, Introduction
[18] Michael Castleman, “A Loving introduction to BDSM: The myth that it is abusive. Actually, it’s about trust and communication. Psychology Today (June 15, 2012)
[19] Ibid, p. 1
[20] Ibid, p. 1
[21] Simon McCormack. Mohammed Hossain cleared in ‘50 Shades of Grey Case’. Huffington Post (December 6, 2015).
[22] Jason Silverstein. Student cleared of ‘Fifty Shades of Grey’ rape case back in court for allegedly sending photos of the incident, New York Daily Times (June 4, 2015)
[23] Michael Castleman, “A Loving introduction to BDSM: The myth that it is abusive. Actually, it’s about trust and communication. Psychology Today (June 15, 2012)
[24] Husband, W. (2015). Spanking Natasha: Post-Soviet Pornography and the Internet. Sexuality & Culture, 19(1), 1-15. doi:10.1007/s12119-014-9240-7a
[25] Ibid, p. 1-15
[26] Ibid, p. 1-15
[27] Ibid, p. 1-15
[28] Ibid, p. 1-15
[29] Ibid, p. 1-15
[30] Gorman, S., Monk-Turner, E., & Fish, J. N. (2010). Free adult internet websites: How prevalent are degrading acts? Gender Issues, 27, 141
[31] Gorman, S., Monk-Turner, E., & Fish, J. N. (2010). Free adult internet websites: How prevalent are degrading acts? Gender Issues, 27, 131-145.
[32] Ibid, p. 131-145, 142-143
10 Common Sense Reasons to Reject Pornography 